Modulating Bacteroides to boost anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in HCC

Background <p>The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a critical external regulator along the gut-liver axis, influencing hepatocarcinogenesis and modulating responses to immunotherapy. However, the specific microbial determinants, underlying mechanisms, and potential clinical applications remain incompletely elucidated.</p> Methods <p>Building on the observed association between gut microbiota and anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) immunotherapeutic efficacy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),…