Synergistic effects of anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Background <p>The rapidly advancing field of cancer therapy has sparked growing interest in the potential synergy between anticoagulation and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Recent research highlights that anticoagulants, traditionally used for thromboprophylaxis and managing thromboembolic events, may also exhibit immunomodulatory properties. These properties can influence the tumor microenvironment by promoting immune cell infiltration, enhancing antitumor immune responses, and potentially…