Potent antitumor activity through dual targeting of PD-L1 and TGF-{beta} pathways in the glioma tumor microenvironment

Background <p>Glioblastoma, one of the most aggressive brain tumors, has been largely resistant to conventional immunotherapies, underscoring the need for novel treatment approaches. A promising strategy involves simultaneously inhibiting immunosuppressive pathways in the tumor microenvironment, as these pathways play pivotal roles in immune evasion. However, the therapeutic potential of combined targeting of these key immunosuppressive pathways in glioblastoma remains underexplored.…