Tumor-associated macrophages educated by IGSF9 exhibit a senescence-associated secretory phenotype to promote tumor immune escape

Background <p>IGSF9, immunoglobulin superfamily member 9, has been reported to inhibit T cell proliferation and activation, thereby promoting tumor immune escape. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the most abundant tumor-infiltrating immune cells, play a crucial role in forming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We find that IGSF9 strongly binds to TAMs, however, how it affects TAMs function remains unreported.</p> Methods <p>The spatial transcriptomics…