The Efficacy and Safety of Beta-blockers and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background <p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now standard for various cancers, and preclinical studies suggest beta-blockers (BBs) may boost the efficacy of ICIs. However, prior clinical studies had small sample sizes, requiring large-scale validation.</p> Objective <p>We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining BBs with ICIs in patients with solid tumors through a systematic review and meta-analysis.</p> Methods…