Age-related immune states and PD-1 blockade: mechanisms and strategies for the elderly

<p>Aging impairs antitumor immunity and may reduce the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Building on our recent findings, we review three key mechanisms of CD8⁺ T-cell aging: elevated T-cell receptor (TCR) activation thresholds, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruption of proteostasis. Studies in aged mice have revealed that aged nai&#x0308;ve T cells exhibit defective priming…